This condition most commonly affects the veins in the lower limbs. The formation of blood clots in the veins of the limbs disrupts blood flow, potentially leading to partial or complete obstruction of the blood vessels.

A dangerous complication of DVT is the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE), which can be fatal.

Superficial vein thrombosis (also known as phlebitis or superficial thrombophlebitis) occurs when blood clots form in veins close to the skin’s surface. These clots rarely travel to the lungs unless they move from the superficial veins to the deep venous system.

DVT/PE is the third most common vascular disease, following heart attacks and strokes. Acute DVT/PE can occur at any age, though it is more common in individuals over 60 and less common in children and adolescents.

More than half of DVT cases are caused by hospitalization for a medical condition or surgery. The high incidence of DVT after hospitalization is due to reduced mobility and slower blood flow.

What are the symptoms of deep vein thrombosis? DVT typically forms in the veins of the legs or arms. Up to 30% of individuals with DVT may experience no symptoms, while others may have mild symptoms that are not immediately concerning.

Common symptoms of acute DVT include:

• Swelling in the leg or arm (which can occur suddenly)
• Pain or tenderness in the calf or arm (often occurring when standing or walking)
• The skin of the affected leg or arm may become swollen, painful, warmer, or redder than usual
• Veins near the surface may appear larger or more dilated than normal
• Abdominal or flank pain (if blood clots affect deep veins within the abdomen)
• Severe headache (usually sudden onset) or seizures (if clots affect the brain’s blood vessels)

Some individuals may not realize they have a clot until it moves from the leg or arm to the lungs. Acute PE symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing up blood, dizziness, and fainting.

If you experience any of these symptoms, it’s essential to contact a doctor or seek emergency care immediately.

Factors that can increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis include:

• Hereditary (genetic) conditions that increase the risk of blood clotting
• Cancer and certain chemotherapy treatments
• A family history of deep vein thrombosis in first-degree relatives
• Reduced blood flow in deep veins due to injury, surgery, or immobility
• Long periods of sitting still, such as during travel (by car, train, or airplane), or immobility after surgery or serious injury, particularly in the lower limbs
• Pregnancy or recent childbirth
• Age over 40
• Overweight or obesity
• Autoimmune diseases like lupus, vasculitis, or inflammatory bowel disease
• Smoking or using hookah
• Varicose veins
• Taking birth control pills or hormone therapy
• Having a central venous catheter or pacemaker
• Having COVID-19

How is DVT diagnosed? Venous Doppler ultrasound is the most common method for diagnosing DVT because it is non-invasive and widely available. This test uses ultrasound waves to assess blood flow and detect blood clots in the veins.

MRI, venography (MRV), and CT scans are also available options, but they are used less frequently.

In cases where clotting disorders are suspected, specialized blood tests may be conducted:

• If you have a history of blood clots, but the cause is unclear to your doctor
• If a clot is found in an unusual location, such as the intestines, liver, kidneys, or brain
• If there is a family history of blood clots in different parts of the body
• If there is a family history of a specific clotting disorder

Treatment: The primary treatment goals are:

• Preventing the clot from enlarging or affecting other veins
• Preventing the clot from moving to the lungs
• Reducing the risk of future blood clots
• Preventing long-term complications such as chronic venous insufficiency

Treatment Options: Treatment typically involves anticoagulant medications (blood thinners), wearing compression stockings, and elevating the affected limb at various times during the day.

Anticoagulants make it harder for blood to clot, preventing clots from growing or moving. If anticoagulants are needed, you may have to take them for several months (usually three to six months) or potentially for the long term.

The duration of treatment depends on the individual’s condition, especially if there are underlying issues like:

• A history of previous blood clots
• Ongoing treatment for chronic conditions such as cancer or autoimmune diseases.

In rare cases, if DVT is extensive, more invasive treatments may be required.

Recommendations:

• Take your medications exactly as prescribed by your doctor.
• Follow through with scheduled blood tests as advised by your doctor.
• Do not start or stop any medication, including over-the-counter drugs and supplements, without consulting your doctor.
• Discuss your diet with your doctor, as changes may be needed depending on the medications you are taking.

Prevention Tips:

• If sitting for extended periods, exercise your calf muscles.
• Immediately after surgery, wear compression stockings as directed by your doctor and begin walking once you’re able.
• While awake, especially during long flights or road trips, stand up and walk around every hour.
• Stay hydrated, particularly during travel.